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III. 

PAPERS 

KELATIN6 TO 



THE MOHAWK INDIANS. 



^nuD IGfiSr— 6. 






s' 



OF THE FIRST FORTS ERECTED ON THE IROQUOIS RIVER. 

[Relation de ce qui s'est passe en la Nouvelle France es ann^es 1664 & 1665.] 

At the same time that the Outaouaks embarked to return to 
their country, the wind becoming more favorable, the soldiers who 
had been obliged to stop at Three Rivers likewise embarked ; 
and after having navigated Lake St. Peter arrived at the mouth 
of the River Richelieu, which leads to the Iroquois of the 
Mohawk. 

The plan entertained at this first campaign was to erect on the 
route some forts, which were considered absolutely necessary as 
well to secure the passage and liberty of trade as to serve for 
stores for the troops and retreats for sick and wounded sol- 
diers. For this purpose three advantageous posts were selected. 
The first at the mouth of the Iroquois River ; the second seven- 
teen leagues higher up, at the foot of a current of water called the 
Sault de Richelieu ; the third about three leagues above this 
current. 

The first fort, named Richelieu, was built by Mons. de Cham- 
blay, who commanded five companies which Monsieur de Tracy 
sent there. The second fort, named Saint Louis, because it was 
commenced the week of the celebration of the festival of that 
great saint, protector of our Kings and of France, was built by 
M. de Sorel, who commanded five other companies of the Regi- 
ment of the Carignan Salieres. . . . The [third] fort was for- 
tunately finished in the month of October on St. Theresa's day, 
whence it derived its name. From this third fort of St. Therese 
we can easily reach Lake Champlain wiihout meeting any rapids 
to stop the batteaux. 

This Lake, after a length of sixty leagues, finally terminates in 



60 



FRENCH EXPEDITIONS AGAINST 



he country of the Mohawk Iroquois. It is still intended to build 
there early next spring, a fourth fort, which will command those 
countries, and from which continual attacks can be made on the 
enemy, if they do not listen to reason. 

We shall give at the end of the next chapter, the plan of these 
three forts, with the map of the Iroquois country^ which has not 
been as yet seen, after having given some p^xticulars of those 
people who thwart us so long a time, because they have never 
been efficiently attacked. 



OF THE IROQUOIS COUNTRY AND THE ROUTES LEADING 

THITHER. 

It must be premised that the Iroquois are composed of five Na- 
tions, of which the nearest to the Dutch, is that of the Mohawk 
consisting of two or three villages containing about three to four 
hundred men capable of bearing arms. These have always been 
at war with us, though they sometimes pretended to sue for peace 
Proceeding towards the West,at a distance of forty-five leagues* 
IS found the second Nation, calle.i Oneida, which has no mor'^e at 
most, than one hundred and forty warriors, and has never wished 
to listen to any negotiations for peace ; on the contrary it has al- 
ways embarrassed affairs when they appeared about to be arranged 
Fifteen leagues towards sunset is OnnontagucS which has'full 
three hundred men. We have been formerly received there as 
friends and treated as enemies, which obliged us to abandon that 
post, where we remained two years, as if in the centre of all the 
Iroquois Nations, whence we proclaimed the gospel to all those 
poor people, assisted by a garrison of Frenchmen sent by Mon- 
sieur de Lauzon, then Governor of New France, to take possession 
of those countries in his Majesty's name. 

At twenty or thirty leagues from there still towards the West 
1 For the M.ip above referred to, see the Vol. of Relations in the State Librarj-. 



AGAINST THE MOIIAWKS. Cl 

is the village of Cayuga, of three hundred warriorsj where in the 
year 1657, we had a mission which formed a little church filled 
with piety in the midst of these Barbarians. 

Towards the termination of the Great Lake, called Ontario, is 
located the most numerous of the Five Iroquois Nations, named 
the Senecas, which contains full twelve hundred men in two or 
three villages of which it is composed. 

These last two nations have never openly made war on us, and 
have always remained neuter. 

All that extent of country is partly south, partly west of the 
French settlements, at a distance of from one hundred to one 
hundred and fifty leagues. It is for the most part fertile, covered 
with fine timber ; among the rest entire forests of chestnut and 
hickory {jioyer^) intersected by numerous lakes and rivers abound- 
ing in fish. The air is temperate ; the seasons regular as in 
France, capable of bearing all the fruits of Touraine and Pro- 
vence. The snows are not deep nor of long duration. The 
three winters which we passed there among the Onnontagues, 
were mild, conipared with the winters at Quebec where the 
ground is covered five months with snow, three, four and five 
feet deep. As we inhabit the Northern part of New France and 
the Iroquois the South, it is not surprising that their lands are 
more agreeable and more capable of cultivation and of bearing 
belter fruit. 

There are two principal rivers leading to the Iroquois ; one to 
those which are near New Netherland and this is the Richelieu 
river of which we shall speak hereafter ; the second conducts to 
the other Nations more distant from us, always ascending our 
great river St. Lawrence which divides, above Montreal, as if 
into two branches, whereof one goes to the antient country of the 
ITurons, the other to that of the Iroquois. 

This is one of the most important rivers that can be seen, 
whether we regard its beauty or its convenience; for we meet 
there almost tiiroughout,a vast number of beautiful Islands, some 
large, others small, but all covered with fine timber and full of 
deer, bears, wild cows which supply abundance of provisions 
necessary for the travellers who find it every where, and some 



62 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 

times entire herds of fallow deer. The banks of the main land 
are ordinarily shaded by huge oaks and other lofty timber cover- 
ing a good soil. 

Before arriving at the Great Lake Ontario, two others are tra- 
versed, one of which adjoins the Island of Montreal, the other is 
amidway. It is ten leagues long by six wide. It is terminated 
by a great many little islands very pleasing to the sight, and we 
have named it Lake St. Francis. 

But what renders this river inconvenient is the water falls and 
rapids which extend for the space of forty leagues, to wit from 
Montreal to the entrance of Lake Ontario, there being only the 
two lakes just mentioned of easy navigation. To surmount these 
torrents, wc must often debark from the canoe and walk in the 
river whose waters are sufficiently low in these quarters, chiefly 
towards the banks. We take the canoe in hand dragging it after 
us. Ordinarily two men suffice, one forward at the bow, the 
other behind at the stern j and as the canoe is very light, being 
made merely of the bark of trees, and as it is not loaded, it glides 
more smoothly over the water, not meeting great resistance. 
Some times the canoe is to be landed and carried some distance, 
one man in front, the other in the rear ; the first carrying one end 
of the canoe on the right ^houlder, the second carrying the other 
end on the left. It becomes necessary to do this either on meet- 
ing cascades and entire rivers which fall some times perpendicu- 
larly from a prodigious height or when the current is too rapid ; 
or when the water thereabout being too deep, we cannot walk, 
dragging the canoe along by the hand j or when the country is 
to be crossed from one river to the other. 

But when the mouth of the Great Lake is reached, the navi 
gation is easy, when the waters are tranquil, becoming insensibly 
wider at first ; then about two-thirds, next one half and finally 
out of sight (of land) ; especially after one has passed an infinity 
of littie islands which are at the entrance of the Lake, in such 
great number and in such a variety that the most experienced 
Iroquois Pilots sometimes lose themselves there, and experience 
considerable difficulty in distinguishing the course to be steered, 
in the confusion and as it were in the labyrinth formed by the 



AGAINST THE MOHAWKS. 63 

islands, which otherwise have nothing agreeable beyond thur 
multitude. For these are only huge locks rising out the wa- 
ter, covered merely by moss, or a few spruce or other stunted 
wood whose roots spring from the clefts of the rocks which can 
supply no other aliment or moisture to these barren trees than 
what the rains furnish them. 

After leaving this melancholy abode, the Lake is discovered 
appearing like unto a sea without islands or bounds, where barks 
and ships can sail in all safety ; so that the communication would 
be easy between all the French colonies that coi'ld be established 
on the borders of this Great Lake which is more than a hundred 
leagues long by thirty to forty wide. 

It is from this point that all the Iroquois Nations can be reach- 
ed, by various directions, except the Mohawks, the route to 
whom is by the River Richelieu, of which we can safely say two 
words since they regard it, that our troops have already con- 
structed the three forts of which we have spoken. 

It is called the Richelieu River because of the fort of the same 
name which was erected there at its mouth at the commencement 
of the wars j and which has been rebuilt anew to secure the en- 
trance of that river. It likewise bears the name of the River of 
the Iroquois, because it is the route which leads thither, ami it is 
by it these Barbarians used most ordinarily come to attack us. 
The bed of this river is one huntlred to one hundred and fifty pa- 
ces wide almost throughout, though at its mouth it is somewhat 
narrower : its borders are decorated with beautiful pines through 
which we can walk with ease ; as in fact fifty of our men have 
done a foot by land nearly twenty leagues of the way from the 
mouth of the river to the Sault, which is so called, though it is 
not properly a waterfall but only an impetuous rapid full of rocks, 
that arrest its course and render the navigation almost impos- 
sible for three quarters of a league. In time however its passage 
may be facilitated. The remainder of the river has from the be- 
ginning a very fine bottom ; as many as eight islands are to be 
met with before arriving at the basin, which is at the foot of the 
Sault. This basin is like a little lake, a league and a half in cir- 



64 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 

cumference and six to eight feet deep, where fish abounds almost 
at all seasons. 

To the right of this basin in going up, is seen Fort Saint Louis, 
built quite recently here, which is very convenient for the design 
entertained against the Iroquois, since its position renders it al- 
most impregnable and causes it to command the whole river. 

After passing the rapids of the Sault which extend three 
leagues, the third fort is visible that terminates all these rapids : 
for the river afterwards is very beautiful and quite navigable to 
the Lake called, Champlain, at the extremities of which we enter 
on the lands of the Mohawk Iroquois. 



OF THE WAR AND THE TREATIES OF PEACE OF THE 
FRENCH WITH THE IROQUOIS. 

[Relation, &c., es anneeSj 1665, 1666.] 

The great varieties of Nations which are in these countries, 
the changeable and perfidious disposition of the Iroquois and the 
barbarism of all these tribes not permitting us to hope for any 
stable peace with them except inasmuch as it can be maintained 
by the terror of the king's arms, it is not to be wondered at that 
peace succeeds war so easily, and that wars terminate so quickly 
in peace. 

The ambassadors of five different Nations were seen in one year 
at Quebec, who came thereto solicit peace ; yet these did not pre- 
vent us punishing by a good war those who answered badly by 
their conduct the promises of their deputies. 

Thj first of these Ambassadors who came from the Upper Iro- 
quois, were presented to M. de Tracy in the month of December 
of the year 1665, and the most influential among them was a fa- 
mous Captain, called Garacontie, who always signalized his zeal 
for the French, and employed the credit which he has among all 
these tribes, in extricating our piisimers from their hands, as he 



AGAINST THE MOHAWKS, 65 

has liberated very recently Sieur Le Moine, an inhabitant of 
Montreal, "vvho had been captured three months ago by these 
Barbarians. 

M. de Tracy having notified him by the usual presents that he 
would give him a friendly audience, he pronounced a harangue 
full of good sense and an eloquence evincing no trace of the bar- 
barous. It contained nothing but courtesies and offers of friend- 
ship and service on the part of all his tribe ; wishes for a new 
Jesuit Mission, and expressions of condolence on the death of 
the late Father Le Moine, the intelligence of which he had just 
received. 

However as no advantage can be expected from these Nations 
except in so far as we appear able to injure them, preparations 
were made for a military expedition against those with whom no 
peace could be concluded. Monsieur de Courcelles, who com- 
manded, used every possible diligence so that he was ready to 
start on the 9th January of the year 1666, accompanied by M. 
du Gas, whom he took for his Lieutenant ; by M. de Salamper, 
Gentleman Volunteer; by Father Pierre Raffeix, Jesuit; by 300 
men of the Regiment of Carignan Salieres and 200 Volunteers, 
habitans of the French Colonies. This march could not but be 
tedious, every one having snow shoes on his feet, to the use of 
which none were accustomed, and all, not excepting the officers 
nor even M. de Courcelles himself, being loaded, each with from 
25 to 30 pounds of biscuit, clothing and other necessary supplies. 

A more difficult or longer march than that of this little army, 
can scarcely be met with in any history, and it required a French 
courage and the perseverance of M. de Courcelles, to undertake 
it. In addition to the embarrassment caused by the snow shoes, 
which is a species of great inconvenience and that of the burthen 
which each one was obliged to carry, it was necessary to walk 
three hundred leagues on the snow ; cross lakes and rivers con- 
tinually on the ice in danger of making as many falls as steps ; 
sleep only on the snow in the midst of the forest and endure a 
cold surpassing by many degrees in severity that of the most rigor- 
ous European winters. 
5 



66 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 

Our troops, however, having gone the first day to Sillery t& 
recommend the success of their enterprize to St. Michael the 
Archangel the patron of that place ; many had, as early as the 
third day, the nose, the ears, the knees and the fingers or other 
parts entirely frozen and the remainder of the body covered with 
cicatrixes, and some others wholly overcome and benumbed by 
the cold would have perished in the snow, had they not been 
carried, though with considerable difficulty, to the place where 
they were to pass the night. 

Sieurs De la Fouille, Maximin and Lobiac, Captains in the 
the Carignan regiment, having joined this little army on the 24th 
January, each with 20 soldiers of their companies and some ha- 
hitans of the place were treated by the cold, on the day follow- 
ing, worse than any had previously been, and many soldiers were 
obliged to be brought back, of whom some had the legs cut by 
the ice and others the hands or the arms or other parts of the 
body altogether frozen. These losses were repaired by Sieurs 
de Chambly, Pelit and Rogemont, Captains of the same regi- 
ment, and by the Sieurs Mignardi, Lieutenant of the Colonel's 
company which was withdrawn from Forts St. Louis and St. 
Therese, where the troops rendezvoused on the 30th of the same 
month. So that the army being still 500 men strong finally ar- 
rived on the 14th of February, with the same difficulties and the 
same dangers, as before, in the enemy's country, at 20 leagues 
distance from their villages. The journey yet to be travelled, 
was very long in consequence of the prodigious depth of the 
snow and the delay of the Algonquin guides, in whose absence 
unknown routes were to be tried and continual mistakes expe- 
rienced. 

Finally information was received from prisoners who were ta- 
ken in some detached cabins, and from the Commandant of a 
hamlet inhabited by the Dutch of New Netherlantl, that the 
greater part of the Mohawks and Oneidas having gone to a dis- 
tance to make war against other tribes called the Wampum Ma- 
kers, [les faiseurs de porcelahie) had left in their villages only 
the children and the helpless old men ; and it was considered 
useless to push farther forward an expediiion which had all the 



AGAINST THE MOHAWKS. 67 

effect intended by the terror it spread among all the tribes, who 
were haughty and perfidious only because they considered them- 
selves inaccessible to our troops. Before returning however we 
killed several savages who from time to time made their appear- 
ance along the skirts of the forest for the purpose of skirmishing 
with our people. Sieur Aiguemorte and some of our soldiers 
were also killed pursuing them. 

The effects of the terror produced by his Majesty's arms on the 
hearts of these savages were apparent at Quebec in the month 
of May following, by the arrival of ambassadors from the Sene- 
cas, {Sonnontouaero7inons) who demanded the King's protection 
for their nation and the continuation of peace, which they pre- 
tended they never violated by any hostile act. M. de Tracy had 
already refused 34 presents that they had tendered him, but per- 
ceiving that it affected them sensibly and that they considered it 
the greatest insult that could be offered, he finally accepted 
their wampum belts, repeating to them that it was neither their 
presents nor their gocds that the King desired, but their true 
happiness and salvation ; that they would derive all sorts of ad- 
vantages from their confidence in his goodness which should 
be extended to the other Nations also, that they might experience 
Its most favorable effects, if they took the same care in imploring 
It by sendmg their ambassadors forthwith. 

These were soon succeeded by those of other tribes; amono- 
the rest by those from the Oneida and even by those from the 
Mohawk, so that the deputies from the Five Iroquois Nations 
were almost at the same time at Quebec as if to confirm by one 
common accord a durable peace with France. 

In order the better to accomplish this it was deemed pro- 
per to send some Frenchmen with the Oneida Ambassadors, 
who were also responsible for the conduct of the Mohawks,' 
and even gave hostages for them. The Dutch of New Ne- 
therland had likewise written in their behalf and went se- 
curity for the faithful observance by all those Barbarians of 
the articles of peace entered into with them. These French dele- 
gates had orders to inform themselves of every thing carefully 
on the spot, and to learn if it were safe to confide again on the 



68 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 

Savages, so that His Majesty's arms should not be retarded by an 
illusive hope of peace. 

But scarcely were the Ambassadors two or or three days jour- 
ney from Quebec, when news came of the surprisal by the Mo- 
hawks of some Frenchmen belonging to Fort St. Anne who had 
gone to the chase, and of the murder of Sieur de Traversy, Cap- 
tain in theCarignan Regiment and Sieur de Chusy,and that some 
volunteers had been taken prisoners. The French delegates were 
at once recalled, and the Oneida savages who remained as hosta- 
ges whose heads could have been at once split by axes accord- 
ing to the laws of war in this country, were imprisoned. But 
without having recourse to these barbarous laws, means were 
adopted to derive greater advantage from this treachery ; and M. 
de Sorel, Captain in the Carignan Regiment, immediately collected 
a party of three hundred men, whom he led by forced marches 
into the enemy's country, resolved to put all, every where, to the 
sword. But when only 20 leagues distant from their villages he 
encountered new Ambassadors bringing back the Frenchmen 
taken near Fort St. Anne, and who were coming to offer every 
satisfaction for the murder of those who were slain and new 
guarantees for peace, so that this Captain having returned with 
his troops, there was no more talk but of peace, which they pre- 
tended to conclude by a general council of all the Tribes who 
had at the time delegates at Quebec. 

These treaties had not, however, all the success which was ex- 
pected from them, and M. de Tracy concluded that, to ensure 
their success, it was necessary to render the Mohawks by force of 
arms more tractable, for they always opposed new obstacles to 
the publick tranquillity. He wished, despite his advanced age, 
to lead in person against these Barbarians, an army composed of 
600 soldiers drafted from all the companies, of six hundred 
hahitans of the country and one hundred Huron and Algonquin 
savages. Through the exertions of M. Talon, all the prepara- 
tions for this war were completed by the 14*^ Sepf, the day 
fixed on for departure, being that of the exaltation and triumph 
of the Cross, for whose glory this expedition was determined on. 
The general rendezvous was fixed for the 28'^ of Sept., at Fort 



AGAINST THE MOHAWKS. €9 

St. Anne recently constructed by Sieur La Mothe, Captain in the 
Carignan Regiment, on an Island in Lake Champlain. Some of 
the troops not being able to come up in sufficient time, M. de 
Tracy would not proceed before the 3"^ of October, with the 
main body of the army. But M. de Courcelles impelled by his 
characteristic impatience for the fight, started some days ahead 
with 400 men, and »Sieurs De Chambly and Berthier, com- 
mandants of the Forts St. Louis and Assumption were left to 
follow M. de Tracy, four days afterwards, with the rear guard. 
As it was necessary to march one hundred and twenty leagues 
into the interior to find the enemy's villages, and as several large 
lakes and many considerable rivers were to be crossed before 
arriving there, it was necessary to be provided with conveniences 
for land and water. Vessels requisite for this expedition had 
been prepared. Three hundred were ready* consisting partly of 
very light batteaux, and partly of bark canoes, each of which 
carried at most five or six hundred persons. On crossing a river 
or lake, each was obliged to take charge of his own canoe and to 
carry the batteaux by main strength. This caused less labor than 
two small pieces of artillery which were conveyed even to the 
farthest Iroquois villages, to force more easily all the fortifi- 
cations. 

Notwithstanding the care taken to accomplish this march with 
little noise, we could not prevent some Iroquois, despatched 
from 30 to 40 leagues to discover our troops, seeing from the 
mountain tops this little naval expedition, and running to warn 
the first village of it ; so that the alarm spreading afterwards 
from village to village, our troops found them abandoned, and 
these barbarians were only seen on the mountains at a distance 
uttering great cries and firing. some random shots at our soldiers. 

Our army halting only for refreshment at all these villages, 
which were found void of men but full of grain and provisions, 
expected to meet with a vigorous resistance at the last which 
we prepared to attack in regular form, because the barba- 
rians evinced by the great firing they made there, and the 
fortifications they had erected, every disposition for a despe- 
rate defence. But our people were again disappointed in their 



70 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 

hope ; for scarcely had the enemy seen the vanguard approach, 
when they immediately fled to tiie woods where night prevented 
our troops pursuing them. A triple palisade, surrounding their 
stronghold, twenty feet in height and flanked by four bastions, 
their prodigious quantities of provisions and the abundant supply 
of water they had provided in bark tanks to extinguish fire when 
necessary, afforded sufficient evidence that their first resolution 
had been quite different from that which the terror of our arms 
had caused them so suddenly to adopt. A few persons whom 
their advanced age had prevented withdrawing from the vil- 
lage two days previously wnth all the women and children, 
and the remains of two or three savages of another tribe whom 
they had half roasted at a slow fire with their accustomed fury, 
were all that were found. After having planted the Cross and 
celebrated Mass and sung the Te Deum on the spot, all that re- 
mained was to fire the palisades and cabins and to destroy all the 
stores of Indian corn, beans and other produce of the country 
found there. The other villages were again visited where as 
well as throughout the whole country, the same devastation was 
committed ; so that those w'ho are acquainted with the mode of 
living of these barbarians doubt not but famine will cause as 
many to perish as would have been destroyed by the arms of our 
soldiery had they dared to await them, and that those who 
survive will be reduced by terror to peaceful conditions and to a 
demeanor more difficult to be obtained from them by mere san- 
guinary victories. 

The return route of our troops was more disagreeable than that 
taken in going, because the rivers being swollen some seven 
or eight feet by the rains, were found much more difficult 
to cross, and a storm which arose on Lake Champla*! wreck- 
ed two canoes with eight persons, amongst whom was to be 
particularly regretted Sieur du Lugues, Lieutenant of a compa- 
ny, w ho made frequent displays of his valour in France as well 
as in Canada. 

The courage of our troops was ever wonderfully excited in the 
hardships of this expedition and in the face of danger, by the ex- 
amples of M. de TracY, M. de Courcelles and M. de Salliere, 



AGAINST THE MOHAWKS. 71 

Quarter Master [Mesfre de Camp) of the regiment and of Cheva- 
lier de Chaumont who desired always on approaching the vil- 
lages to be of the forlorn hope ; and their generosity was 
animated by the zeal and pious sentiments with which Messrs. du 
Bois and Cosson, secular Priests, and Fathers Albanel and Ra- 
faix, Jesuits, endeavored to inspire them. 

Our excellent Prelate who had his hands ever raised to Heaven 
and had called every one to prayers, during the absence of our 
troops, caused thanks to be given to God and the Te Deum sung 
on their return. Every body here has conceived renewed hopes 
in consequence of the King's goodness towards the country and 
of the manner in which the West India Company, to whom his 
Majesty has confided it, is affected towards it. So that we doubt 
not but we shall very soon see most populous towns in the place 
of these extensive forests, and Jesus Christ worshipped in all 
these vast countries. 

END. 



A RELATION OF THE GOVERxNO^ OF CANNADA 

mS MARCH WITH 600 VOLUNTEIRS INTO Y^ TERRITORYES OF HIS 
ROYALL HIGHNESSE THE DUKE OF YORKE IN AMERICA. 

[Lond. Doc. II.] 

Upon the 29t'» of Xber last, Monsier Coarsell the Governour 
of Canada, in Nova ffrancia begun his march with near 600 men, 
to seeke out their inveterate ennemyes called the Mahauke Indians 
in their owne country anil forts, there to take reuenge upon them 
for the seuerall murthers and spoyles which the Barbarians had 
for many yeares exercised in Cannada upon the French, and the 
Indians of those parts even to the mine of most, but to the insuf- 
ferable discouragement of all those Inhabbitants, who being taken 
alive were usually tortured and eaten, or burnt by the Mauhaukes ; 
If not taken, yet liv^ in perpetuall alarums to see their dwelling 
houses burnt, their Cattell and Come destroyed. All which pow- 
erful! arguments furnish't y« french with heate enough to march 



72 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 

over the fFrozen lake of Canada, lying in the 60th degree of nor- 
therne latitude, and taking their tyme that the snow upon the 
ground was hard frozen (though in most places 4 footedeep) made 
use of Indian snow shoes w^h hath the very form of a Rackett 
tyed to each foote, whereby yc body and feet are kept from sink- 
ing into the snow, and because it was not possible for horses to 
pass, or subsist in the snow, or for the soldiers to carry their ne- 
cessary provisions on their backes, and had lesse expectation to 
meete w^^ any reliefe in the vaste wilderness, the Governor caused 
slight sledges to be made in good number, laying provisions upon 
them, drew them over the snow with mastive doggs, all these dif- 
ficultyes put together impeded his march, and by the mistake of 
his guides hapned to fall short of the castles of the Maiihaukes, 
and to take up his quarters or rather incamp upon the 9*^^ of Fe- 
bruary within 2 myles of a small village called Schonectade, ly- 
ing Vf^^ in the woods beyond fort Albany in y^ territoryes of his 
Royall highness, and 3 dayss march from the first castle of the 
Mahaukes. 

The French suposed they were then come to their designed 
place, and the rather because y*^ evening they did rancounter w^^ 
a party of the Mohaukes who made appearance of retreating from 
the French, whereupon a party of 60 of their best Fuzileers after 
them, but that small party drew the French into an ambuscade of 
neare 200 Mohaukes planted behind trees, (who taking their ad- 
vantage as it fell into their hands,) at one volley slew^ eleauen 
French men whereof one was a Lieuten*^. w^ounded divers others, 
the french party made an bono'" able retreit to their body, w*^'^ was 
marching after them close at hand, w^h gave the Mohaukes tyme 
and opportunity to march off w^^^ the loss of only 3 slaine upon 
the plaice and 6 wounded, the report whereof was soone brought 
to Schonecktade by those Indians, with the heads of 4 of the 
ffrench to the Commissary of the Village who immediately des- 
patched the newes to Fort Albany, from whence the next day 3 
of the principle inhabitants were sent to Monsier Coursell the 
Governo'' of Cannada to inquire of his intention to bring such a 
.body of armed men into the dominions of his Mat>e of Great Brit- 
taine, w^'^out accquainting the Governo"" of these parts w^i' his de- 



AGAINST THE MOHAWKS. 73 

signes. The Governo'" reply^ that he pome to seeke out and 
destroy his ennemyes the Mohaukes without intention of visiting 
their plantations, or else to molest any of his Ma^'^s subjects, and 
that [he] had not heard of thd reducing those parts to his Ma*''^' 
obedience, but desired that hee and his soldiers might bee supplied 
with provisions for their money, and that his wounded men might 
be sucoured, and taken care for in Albany ; To all which the 
Emissaryes freely consented and made a small but acceptable pre- 
sent of wine and provisions to him, further offering the best ac- 
commodations y° poore village afforded, w^'' was civilly refus'd, 
in regard there was not accomodacon for his soldyers, with whom 
he had marcht and campt under the blew canopye of the heavens 
full six weekes, but hee prudently foresaw a greater inconvenience 
if hee had brought his weary and halfe starv'd people within the 
smell of a chimney corner, whom hee now cold keepe from strag- 
ling or running away, not knowing whith'er to runn for feare of 
y^ Indians ; The next day ?iIonsieur Corsell sent his men to the 
village where they were carefully drest and sent to Albany, being 
seaven in number, the Dutch bores carryed to the camp such pro- 
visions as they had, and were too well payd for it ; Especially 
peaz and bread, of w'^'^ a good quantity was bought ; ye Mohaukes 
were all gone to their Castles, with resolution to fight it out 
against the french, who being refresht and supplyed w" the 
aforesaid provisions made a shew of marching towards the Mo- 
haukes Castles, but with faces about and great sylence and dilli- 
gence return'd towards Cannada. 

Upon the 12^h of February, whether a Panick feare, some mu- 
tiny, or yc probability of the thawing of the lake, caus'd this 
sudden (w'^^ the Indians call a dishono''able retreit) I cannot 
learne, but surely so bould and hardy an attempt (circumstances 
considered) hath not hapned in any age. All w°'' vanisht like 
false fyer, and hath given new courage to their old enemy es y^ 
Mauhaukes who by their spyes hearing of y* retreat of y« French 
pursued them back to the Lake, but the French makiftg more 
speed to them from Canada, the Mohaukes did noe considerable 
prejudice to them, onely took 3 one of w'^'* at his own request 
they slew, not being able to march, the other they kept prisoners, 



74 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 

they found 5 others dead in the way with hunger and cold, but 
according to their manner brought the crownes of their heads 
away, those who observed the words and countenance of Mon- 
sieur Coursellj saw him disturbed in minde that the king was 
Master of these parts of the Country, where hee expected to have 
found the Dutch interest upermost, saying that the king of Eng- 
land did graspe at all America, but hee did not beleive to see the 
Dutch the masters ere long; he enquired what garrison or what 
fort was at Albany, 'twas told him a Captain and 60 English sol- 
dyers with 9 peece of ordinance in a small fort of foure Bastions, 
and that the Cap*^ thereof Cap* Baker had sent for 20 men from 
annother garrison of the Kings at the Sopes, who probably might 
be arrived at Albany the same hower, thus finding his men tyr'd, 
the Mohaukes resolute, and something doubtfull, without tryall 
of the good will of the English Garrison, because y*' reports were 
strong that the French King and States of Holland were united 
against His Ma*"'^ of England, Monsieur Coursell found it reason- 
able to returne home nothing effected, the 2 prisoners taken by 
the Mohaukes in the retreate tell them y* this summer another 
attempt will be made upon their country with a greater force and 
supplyes of men, the truth or success of which I shall not now 
discourse upon, having given y'^ trew relation of what past from 
ye 29*^ December to the 12th of February. 



[From Paris Doc. I.] 



On the seventh of the month of July of the year 1666, the 
Iroquois of the Oneida Nation, having learned from the Mohawks, 
their neighbours and allies and by the Dutch of Fort Orange that 
the troops of Louis the fourteenth by the grace of God Most 
Christian King of France and Navarre, had in the month of 
February of the said year carried his Majesty's arms, over the 
snow ^d ice near unto Fort Orange in New Netherland, under 
the command of Messire Daniel deCourcellc, Lieutenant General 
of his armies, pursuant to orders which they received from Mes- 
sire Alexandre de Prouville knight, Lord de Tracy, member of 



AGAINST THE MOHAWKS. 75 

his Majesty's councils and Lieut. Genl, of his armies, both in the 
Islands and mainluind of vSouth and North America, as well by 
sea as by land, to fight and destroy the Mohawks, which probably 
they would have accomplished, had not the mistake of their 
guides caused them to take one road for the other, came down to 
Quebec to solicit peace as well in their own name as in that of 
the Mohawks by ten of their Ambassadors, by name Soenres, 
Tsoenserouanne, Gannoukouenioton, Asaregouenioton, Asare- 
gouaune, Tscndiagou, Achinnhara, Togoukouaras, Oskaraquets, 
Akouehen, And after having communicated by the mouth of their 
Orator and Chief Soenres, the object of their Embassy by ten 
talks expressed by as many presents, and having handed to us the 
letters from the officers of New Netherland, have unanimously 
requested, acknowledging the force of his Majesty's arms and 
their weakness and the condition of the forts advanced towards 
them, and moreover aware that the three upper Iroquois Nations 
have always experienced great benefit from the protection which 
they formerly received from the said Lord the King, that his 
Majesty would be pleased to extend to hem the same favour by 
granting them the same protection, and receiving them among 
the number of his true subjects, demanding that the Treaties for- 
merly made as well by the said Nations as by theirs, have the 
same fone and validity for that of the Mohawks, who have re- 
quired of us to solicit this with great importunity, as they should 
have themselves done by means of their Ambassadors had they 
not been apprehensive of bad treatment at our hands, ratifying 
on their part all the said reaties in all their points and articles, 
which have been read to them in the Iroquois tongue by Joseph 
Marie Chaumont, priest, member of the Society of Jesus; adding, 
moreover, to all the said articles what the protest effecting in good 
faith what they offered by their said presents, especially to restore 
all the Frenchmen, Algonquins and TTuions whom they hold 
prisoners among them of what condition and quality they may 
be, and as long as any are detained there, even on the part 
of the Mohawks, to send families from among them to serve, 
like those of other nations as the most strict hostages for their 
persons and dispositions to the orders of those who shall in this 



76 



FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 



Country have authority from the said Lord the King whom they 
acknowledge from this time as their Sovereign; demanding reci- 
procally among all other things the restoration to them in good 
faith, of all those of their Nation who are prisoners at Quebec, 
Montreal and Three Rivers, that French families and some Black 
gowns, that is Jesuits be sent them, to preach the gospel to them 
and to make known to them the God of the French whom they 
promise to love and adore ; also that trade and commerce be open 
to them with New France, by the Lake du Saint Sacrement^ 
(L. George) with the assurance on their part that they will pro- 
vide in their country, a sure retreat as well to the said families 
as to the trading merchants, not only by preparing cabins to lodge - 
them in, but also by assisting to erect forts to shelter them from 
their common enemies the Andastaeronnons and others. And 
that the present Treaty, made on their part in ratification of the 
preceding, may be stable and known unto all, they have signed 
it w^ith the separate and distinctive marks of their Tribes, after 
which what they solicited from ihe said Lord the King was grant- 
ed to them in his name by Messire Alexandre de Prouville, Knight, 
Lord de Tracy member of the King's Councils, &c. (as above) 
in the presence and assisted by J\T. Daniel de Remy Siegneur de 
Courcelles, King's Councillor, &c., &c., and of M. Jean Talon 
also Councillor, &c. who have signed with the said Lord de Tra- 
cy; and as Witnesses, Francois le Mercier, Priest, Member and 
Superior of the Society of Jesus at Quebec and Joseph Marie 
Chaumont likewise Priest and INTember of the said Society, Inter- 
preters of the Iroquois and Huron languages. Done at Quebec 
the 12 July, 16C6. 




AGAINST THE MOHAWKS. 77 



ACTE OF POSSESSION 

BY SIEUR DU BOIS IN THE NAME OF THE KING (oF FRANCe) OF THE 
FORTS TAKEN FROM THE IROQUOIS. 

In the year 1666, the 17^^ jj^y of Octob., the King's troops 
commanded by Messire Alexander de Prouville Knight, Lord de 
Tracy Lieut. General of His Ma^'^s Naval armies both in the 
Islands and Continent of South and North America as well by 
sea as by land, aided by Messire Daniel de Remy Knight, Seig- 
neur de CourcelleSj Governor and Lieut. General for the King in 
New France, being drawn up in battle array before the Fort of 
Andaraque, Jean Baptiste du Bois Esq" Sieur de Cocreaumont 
and de St. Morice, Commandant of the Artillery of the army, 
presented himself at the head of the army by order of INIons. Lord 
de Tracy and deputed by M. Jean Talon, King's Councillor in 
his State and Privy Councils, Intendant General of Justice, Po- 
lice and Finance in New France, for the review and direction of 
the Supplies of the Troops, who declared and said that at the re- 
quest of Mons"" Talon he took possession of said Fort and of all 
the lands in the neighbourhood as far and in as great a quantity as 
they may extend, and of the other four forts which have been 
conquered from the Iroquois in the name of the King, and in to- 
ken thereof hath planted a Cross before the doors of said forts 
and near this hath erected a post and to these hath affixed the 
King's arms, of which and of all the above the said Sieur de Bois 
has required acte of the undersigned Royal Notary commanded 
in the said army for His Majesty's service. Done at the afore- 
said Fort of Andaraque the day and year above written, in pre- 
sence of Messire Alexander de Chaumont, Knicjht Seisrneur of 
said place, Aid de Camp of his Majesty's armies, and of Hector 
d'Andigny, Knight of Grande Fontaine, Captain of a Company of 
Infantry in the Carignan Regiment, of the Nobleman Antoine de 
Contrecour Cap" of a Company of Infantry in said Regiment, of 
Francois Masst^, Sieur de Wally, Jean du Gal Esq" Sieur du 



78 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 

Fresne Major of Canada, Jean Louis Chevalier du Glas Lieut of a 
Company of said Regim*, Rene Louis Chartier Esq"", Sieur de 
Lobiniere Lieutenant of a Militia Company from Quebec, Domi- 
nique le Feure Esq"", Sieur de Quepquelin Lieutenant in said Re- 
giment, Witnesses undersigned with the said Seigneur du Eois 
and the Notary. Signed, Chaumont, le Chevalier de Grand 
Fontain, de Contrecour, du Gal, Wally, Chev''" dy Glas, du 
Guesclin, Rene Louis Chartier, Lobiniere, du Bois and du Guet 
Royal Notary. 



GOV. NICOLLS TO CHEV. TRACY, AT QUEBEC. 

[Lond. Doc. II.] 

Monsieur, 

I was in some measure surprized in february last wltl 
the new^es of so considerable a force of forreiners under the co 
mand of Monsieur de Courcelle so farre advanct in these Hi*^ 
Mamies Dominions without my Knowledge and Consent, or th< 
least notice given of y intentions to any of His Ma^'^s Colonies 
then in amity wnth the French Nation : although y proceedings 
heerin w^ere not conformable to the practise in Europe, yet ali 
my officers both Military and Civill soone resolu'd to succour ana 
releive your Campe with such meane provisions as the Country 
affords [and] from a small village could bee expected and bs they 
have in all former times been very affectionate with Christian 
Charity to ransome or by any other raeanes to convey divers 
French prisoners out of the hands of their barbarous Enemies so 
also their Intentions towards you is manifest in their letter of the 
20th March last wherein their purpose was to give you a speedy 
notice that the Maquaes were at last wrought upon to treat of 
peace if you on your parts were so disposed, but it seems (by ? 
sad accident intervening,) you are pleas'd to lay a greater burden 
upon them than they deserve after their sincere affections to your 
peace. To both y"" Letters directed to the Captain and Commis- 



AGAINST THE MOHAWKS. "79 

saries at Albany themselves will returne answer but hearing that 
you had Emploied Le S^. Couture with y Letters I tooke a sud- 
daine Resolution to have discourse with him to w*^'' purpose I 
came hither but find that he is return'd without the Knowledge 
of the Capt. or Comraissarie. I could have wisht that hee had 
staid for mee, or that I could wait his coming for I now want the 
opportunity of enlarging myself to him and by him to yselfe 
with how much Integrity I shall constantly attend the European 
Interest amidst the heathen in America as becomes a good Chris- 
tian, provided that the bounds and limits of these His Majesties 
of Englands dominions be not invaded or the Peace and Safety 
of his subjects interrupted, In all other points I shall be found to 
entertaine y Correspondence with Mutuall Civility and respect 
the rather because the Reputation of y honour hath spread it- 
self in all these parts of the world, as well as it is known in Eu- 
rope, whereof I can beare some Testimony, when I had the honour 
to attend m.y master his R. H. the Duke of York and Albany a 
few yeares in the french army, and now that I serve the same 
Master in his interest in this part of the World, I should count 
my selfe very fortunate in an opportunity at least to acknowledge 
some part of y"" great civilities to my Master and all his Servants 
in their low estate and condition of Exile, The l^.Iemory whereof 
obligeth me (a reasonable time and good occasion concurring) to 
give you certain proofe with how much truth I am. Sir, 

Yo"" Most aff'e. Servant 

Richard Nicolls. 

20th Aug : St : Vet : 1 
In fort Albany 1666. ) 

A Monsieur, Monsieur Le Chevalier et Seigneur de Tracy L«. Generall Du 
Roy tres Chrestien dans toute L'Amerique. A Quebec. 



80 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 



M. TALON TO M. COLBEET, 13 Nov. 1666. 

[Paris Doc. I.] 

Monsieur de Tracy and Monsieur de Courcelles are returned 
from their Expedition, the Iroquois having concluded to retreat 
and abandon their settlements. The said M. de Tracy could do 
nothing else than burn their forts and lay waste every thing. 
These two gentlemen will inform you of whatever occurred 
throughout their march which occupied fifty-three days. What 
1 learn from public opinion is that in what has been perform- 
ed nothing has been left undone, and that the King's orders 
had been executed and his expectations entirely realized had 
those savages stood their ground. It would, in truth, have been 
desirable that a part had been defeated and some others taken 
prisoners. 

The advanced age of M. de Tracy must greatly enhance the 
merit of the service he has rendered the King, by assuming in a 
broken down frame such as his, a fatigue of which no correct 
idea can be formed. I am assured that throughout the whole 
march of three hundred leagues, including the return, he suffered 
himself to be carried only during two days, and then he was 
forced to do so by the gout. M. de Courcelles, though stronger 
than he, could not help being carried in like manner, having been 
attacked by a contraction of the nerves. Both in truth have 
endured all the fatigue that human nature is capable of. 

M. de Tracy incurred some expences on his march for the con- 
veyance of the cannon and other extraordinary services rendered 
the Troops, which I wished to reimburse, but his modesty would 
not suffer it. 



AGAINST THE MOIIAAYKS. 81 



M. TRACY TO GOV. NICOLLS. 

[London Doc. I.] 

Sir 

In answer to yo^ letter of 31. August, [N. S.] I shall tell 
you that IMons'' tie Courcelle Governo'' Gencrall of this Countrey, 
signifying to mee that hee had a desire to make some inroad upon 
the Maquas, to put a stopp to their barbarous Insolencies ; I gave 
my consent to farther the design, that hee might take with him 
so many officers and souldiers as hee thought fit, either of his 
Ma'i'^s Companyes, or those of yc Countrey. Whereupon hee 
advanced within fifteene or twenty leagues of the villages of y^ 
Annies. But fortunately for tliem his guides conducting him a 
wrong way, hee did not meete with them, till he came neare the 
village which you name in yo'' Letter, neither had he known 
there was any of them there, untill he had surprized all the Ind- 
yans that were in two small Hutts at some distance from that 
place. This truth is sufficiently convincing, to justify Mons"" de 
Courcelle, that hee had no intention to infringe the Peace, that 
was then between us, for that hee thought himself in the Maques 
land. The Moderacuu which hee used in the said hutts (although 
the persons under his command w'ere driven to the uttermost ex- 
tremity, for want of Provisions) hath sufficiently manifested the 
consideracims wee have always had for our allyes (for until then 
wee had no intelligence, that New Holland was under any other 
Dominion than that of the States of the United Belgick Provin- 
ces) and understanding that hee was upon the Lands belonging to 
the Dutch, hee tooke great care to hinder his companyes from 
falling into the village, by which means alone the Maquaes that 
were there, saved themselves. 

Hee also had so much care and authority as to hinder the soul- 
diers from Killing the Poultry, and taking away Provisions that 
were in the said hutts, to satisfy their hunger. Thus farr, I ought 
to vindicate the truth upon this subject, 
6 



82 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 

The fFrench nation is too much inclined to acknowledge cour- 
tesies, not to confess that the Dutch have had very much charity 
for the flfrench, who have been Prisoners with the Maquaes, and 
that they have redeemed divers, who had been burnt w^^^out their 
succour ; They ought also to be assured of our gratitude towards 
them, and to any others who shall exercise such Christian Deedes, 
as they have done. 

I am also persuaded that they had a sincere intention for the 
conclusion of a firme peace between us and the Maques. They 
ought in like manner to believe, that w^ee have alwayes expressly 
lorbid y^ Algonquins to make w^arr upon or kill them. 

Since the Dutch Gent, did send you y^ Lres which I writt unto 
them, you have knowne the candour of my thoughts, and the 
confidence which I had in their fFriendship, by that of the 14:^^ 
July 1666 as also by the Request I made to the Reverend Father 
Bechefer (who is a person of great meritt) accompanyed with 
three considerable persons, to transport himself upon the place, 
to conclude a peace, thereby to ease them of the trouble of 
coming to Quebec. 

Its true the displeasure I received by the death of some Gent- 
men, who went a fowling upon confidence, of that article w"^*^ is 
in the same letter those Gent'men sent mee, the second time, da- 
ted the 26'^^ March 1666, the which I had publisht in our Garri- 
son [we have acquainted the Maquaes, that they are to forbear 
all acts of Hostility, during the time that the Messenger shall be 
absent which they have promised to observe] did give mee a just 
griefe, and a great deale of discontent. It being evident that those 
Gent'men had not put themselves upon that hazard, without the 
assurance : w"^'' would have served amongst Europeans as well as 
the most authentick Passcport that could be had, the which also 
wee had caus'd the Algonquins to observe. 

Such an unexpected misfortune obliged mee to chang the de- 
signe I had of adventuring the person of the reverend 'Father Be- 
chefer, and the rest that accompanied him, & I resolv'd to send 
only the Sieur Cousture (who had been a Prisoner among the 
Maques) with a letter to the Dutch Gent, of* the 22<l July 1666. 
The said Cousture having no other employ than what was in his 



TJB 1,4 8 



AGAINST THE MOHAWKS. 83 

' Instruction which hath or might have been seenCj since I gave 
him leave to shew it. 

I had never the thought of accusing those Dutch Gent'men ei- 
ther directly or indirectly, nor any other person, of holding in- 
telligence wuth the Maques in so foule an action as was commit- 
ted by them ; But writt onely to oblige them, and those other 
Gent'men who serve under yo"" command at Albany, (for we were 
then in peace,) to councell the Maques, as Neighbours, to deliver 
up into our power, the actors of that murder, w'^'^ was a satisfac- 
tion that with reason I might promise myselfe on that occasion. 

My L're of the 22'^ July to those Gent'men at Albany, might 
nave informed you w^hat the S"" Cousture was ; ffor it had not beene 
prudent after the death of those Gent'men, to hazard a person of 
quality. And I am very sorry that you tooke the paines to leave 
the place of y"" usual residence, to make a voyage to Albany, to 
have discourse with an ordinary Messenger who had nothing of 
Trust committed to him. 

The intention you signify to have of Embracing Allwayes the 
Interest of Europe, against the barbarous Indyans of America, is 
very commendable and befitting a person of your Quality and a 
good Christian : That Passion which you likewise expresse, for 
the interest of his Ma'y of Great Brittaine, is to be esteemed, and 
there is no man of reason, who doth not approve y"" judgm* there- 
in, & that hath not the like for his Prince. 

I returne you thankes in particular for those obliging termes 
you are pleas'd to use on my behalfe, as also for the assurances 
you give mee of a desire to hold a mutuall Correspondence of ci- 
vility and respect with mee to y^ end before proposed : If I was 
particularly knowne to you I might feare you would alter your 
opinion of mee, for that Reputacon doth very often give us ad- 
vantages which wee do not deserve. 

I had the hono"" to serve the King in Germany, in the most 
considerable commands of his Army, at the time when my son 
(that was hce and not mee) was knowne unto you, in those which 
served in fflanders, where he commanded His Ma*'^* Cavalry of 
Strangers : Hee had a very particular respect for the person, and 
for the great meritt of his Royal Highnesse, The Duke of York, 



84 FRENCH EXPEDITIONS 

who seemed to bee well pleased with his respectful carriage to- 
wards him : You have no reasons to expect lesse services from 
mee, that you might have received from my son, upon all occa- 
sions where those of the King will permit mee to render them. 

It cannot bee but you must have heard from divers of your 
Nation that have beene in the Islands of America, how I have 
done them courtesyes with passion, and with as much civility as 
may bee j I have cause enough to complaine that the same hath 
not beene practised towards me ; ffor that a vessell which went 
out of Boston, tooke in the Gulfe of St. Laurence, towards the 
latter end of June, or the beginning of July 1665, (near upon 
five months before the declaracon of the warre) a barque of be- 
tweene 25 and 30 tunnes, \\^^ belonged to mee, being laden with 
a good quantity of strong Waters, and other refreshments which 
come from France : But as I know no other interest than that of 
the service of his Ma'y who bestowes many benefitts upon mee, 
I shall easily forgett that losse, 'till the conclusion of Peace , 
you may also believe that I am w^i^ a great deale of esteeme, 
S"^ Your thrice affectionate 

and humble Serv'. 

Tract. 

Quebec ) 

Apr. 30, 1667. S 






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